Referencing Guide
Manuscripts should be written in grammatically correct Estonian and conform to the standards and style of scientific writing. Detailed instructions can be find here (docx, pdf). The article in Estonian should include a longer summary in English (6,000–9,000 characters with spaces). To avoid spelling mistakes Microsoft Word’s spell check should be used.
All submissions should follow the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition). For more information, please consult: https://apastyle.apa.org/ and https://apastyle.apa.org/blog.
The following table provides a brief overview of the most common citations used.
| In-text citations All the authors whose ideas are mentioned in the article should be referred to. Only sources cited in the text should be included in the reference list. |
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| In parentheses in the text | In-text citations consist of the surname(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication in parentheses. Page numbers must be supplied for direct quotations. Two or more works by different authors within the same parentheses are ordered alphabetically and separated by semicolons.
Examples |
| One or two authors | If there is one or two authors, the surnames of both authors are listed. In the case of two authors the names are joined by ’and’; in the parentheses, by ampersand (&). Examples (Toomela, 2014) (Anson & Schwegler, 2005) |
| Three or more authors | If there are three or more authors, only the surname of the first author is listed, followed by et al. All the authors should be included in the reference list. Examples Blom et al. (2001) (Blom et al., 2001) |
| Two or more works by the same author | Two or more works by the same author are ordered by the year of publication. The dates are separated by commas. Example (Biddle, 1986, 1998) |
| No author |
When there is no author, the title is used in place of the author’s name. If the title is too long, only the first two to three words are used. In the reference list the full title is given. Example (American Psychological Association, 2009) |
| Secondary referencing | Secondary referencing should be avoided and used only when the primary source is not available. When citing such work, the author of the primary source and the author of the work it was cited in should be used. Example (Lewin, Lippitt, & White, 1939, viidatud Baumrind, 1967 j). |
| Reference list All publications cited in the manuscript must be included in the reference list. If the article has a doi-number, it should be presented in the list of references. |
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| Ordering the reference list | All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically by the author’s surname. All entries should include the following: the name(s) of the author(s), the year of publication, and the publisher. When there is no author, the work in the reference list is alphabetised by title. |
| Article | |
| Journal article | Example Krämer, S., Möller, J., & Zimmermann, F. (2021). Inclusive education of students with general learning difficulties: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 91, 432–478. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654321998072 |
| Newspaper article | Example Heidmets, M. (2013, 6. dets). Uus ajakiri: kes kirjutab, kes loeb? Õpetajate Leht, lk 4. |
| Book | |
| The book has an author | Example Võgotski, L. (2014). Mõtlemine ja kõne. Ilmamaa. |
| The book has an editor | Example Kikas, E. (Toim). (2010). Õppimine ja õpetamine esimeses ja teises kooliastmes. Ecoprint. |
| No author or editor | Example Looduse entsüklopeedia (2013). Varrak. |
| Multiple works by the same author in the same year | Examples Lyons, J. (1981a). Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. Lyons, J. (1981b). Language, Meaning and Context. Fontana. |
| Chapter from a book | Example Wischmeier, I. (2012). Primary School Teachers’ Beliefs about Bilingualism. J. König (Ed.), Teachers’ Pedagogical Beliefs (pp. 171–189). Waxmann Verlag. |
| Electronic documents When citing electronic documents the surname of the author, the title of the article and the exact URL where it can be found should be included. |
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| Online journal article | Example Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. http://journals.apa.org/prevention/ volume3/ pre0030001a.html. |
| Document with the author and date | Example Taimalu, M., Uibu, K., Luik, P., Leijen, Ä., & Pedaste, M. (2020). Õpetajad ja koolijuhid väärtustatud professionaalidena. OECD rahvusvahelise õpetamise ja õppimise uuringu TALIS 2018 uuringu tulemused. http://www.innove.ee/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TALIS2_kujundatud.pdf. |
| Document without the author and date | Example Koolivägivald (s.a.). http://www.koolielu.ee. |
| Document from the website of an organisation | Example American Psychological Association (1996). How to cite information from the world wide web. http://www.apa.org/journals/ webref.html. |
| Tables and figures | |
| Tables and figures supplement the text and do not duplicate the results described in it. All tables and figures should be numbered sequentially in the order to which they are referred in the text. Smaller tables and figures are placed in the text as near as possible to where they are first referred. Longer tables and figures should be submitted as separate files or at the end of the manuscript. Tables are formatted according to APA guidelines. Only horizontal lines can be used to separate information and make it clearer. |
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